The 3 × 2 Achievement Goals in the Education, Sport, and Occupation Literatures: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Achievement goal theory has been a dominant motivation framework since the 1980s. The 3 × 2 achievement emerged in literature 2011. We aimed to conduct systematic review with meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines of research education, sport, and occupation settings. retrieved articles from searching EBSCOhost Google Scholar platforms. Eligible contained or occupation, were published peer-reviewed journal, provided mean data correlate data. tested hypotheses concerned (1) overall pattern endorsement, (2) differences by domain (education, sport) compulsory nature domains sub-domains, (3) relationships correlates (e.g., learning strategies, motivations, performance). After screening, 56 met all inclusion criteria, providing 58 samples across education (n = 44), sport 10), 4) settings 35,031 unique participants 15 countries. Participants endorsed task- self-approach goals more than counterpart avoidance goals, other-avoidance other-approach intercorrelations reliability coefficients acceptable. Minimal impact results examining within study bias statistics. Of importance, (i.e., sub-domains primary-secondary moderated endorsement (group mixed-effects p < 0.05, g values medium very large). These groupings also other differences. Concerning our analyses, most meta-analyzed correlations among small meaningfulness largest (0.30–0.42) between approach merged facilitative strategies desired motivations. In conclusion, is diverse. Furthering application this model requires overcoming inherent limitations consistent response scale sets), teasing out self-goals, measuring performance outcomes, cross-cultural collaborations.